STUDIES IN EDUCATION

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN NIGERIA: CONCEPT, CHALLENGES, AND INTERVENTIONS

OLUFUNKE C. Ph.D — 2025-09-14

Stressful incidents known as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) seriously impair children's development and have long-term effects on social relationships, academic achievement, and mental health. The prevalence, effects, and interventions related to ACEs are examined in this analysis, focusing on problems such as a lack of data, cultural stigma, inadequate policies, and resource constraints. The suggestions include supporting research, integrating ACEs-focused approaches into national policy increasing public awareness, enhancing professional capacity, and encouraging multisectoral cooperation. Cognitive behavioural therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy are two trauma-informed counselling techniques that are emphasised as being essential for reducing the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). To prevent and lessen ACEs and promote stronger, healthier communities, this paper advocates for a comprehensive approach.

ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF METALWORK TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS IN TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

IDJAWE, E.E. — 2025-09-14

This study investigated the levels of academic performance of metalwork technology students in technical colleges in South-South, Nigeria. One research question was raised to guide the study and a descriptive research design was used for the study. The population of the study was drawn from technical colleges in South-South states of Nigeria, and a stratified sampling technique was used to sample 880 vocational II and III students. The instruments used for data collection was a Metalwork Technology Performance Test, the instrument consisted of adapted past questions from National Business and Technical Examination Board, which has been validated by experts of metalwork technology. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha that yielded a reliability coefficient of .92 and the instrument was administered to the respondents with the aid of trained research assistants. Percentage was used to answer the research question and t-test was used to test the only hypothesis. The findings revealed low level of academic performance of students in metalwork technology and there was a significant difference between in the levels of academic performance between male and female students in metalwork technology in technical colleges. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made; qualified and experienced technical workshop instructors should be recruited to teach metalwork students, regular professional development programme on current teaching methodologies should be provided to the instructors to improve the academic performance of students, among others.

CHILD PROTECTION IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS: LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SAFE AND INCLUSIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

OJO M.T. — 2025-09-14

This study examines child protection in educational settings: legal and administrative strategies for safe and inclusive learning environment” This study explores the legal and administrative strategies that ensure child protection in educational settings, focusing on how policies, teacher training, school leadership and government oversight to build a protective and inclusive learning atmosphere. Using a mixed-methods research design, the total population comprised 9,500 while the sample consisted 380 respondents selected using stratified random sampling techniques. A self-constructed instrument was used for the study titled: “Child Protection in Schools Questionnaire (CPSQ)”. Face and content validity of the instrument was adjudged. A test-retest method was used to obtain the reliability co-efficient of the instrument. The instrument was administered twice within an interval of two weeks and the data collected was analyzed using Person Product Moment Correction. Reliability co-efficient .84 was obtained. The findings revealed significant correlations between school leadership practices and the effective enforcement of protection policies, as well as between legal awareness and reporting of abuse cases. The study recommends strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing stakeholder training, and ensuring routine monitoring of child safety policies. Creating inclusive, child-friendly environments requires not only legal provisions but also a cultural shift within school communities. This research contributes to educational policy discourse and offers practical pathways to reinforcing student welfare at both grassroots and systemic levels.

COUNSELLING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES PREDICTING PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE AMONG MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN COMMUNITY

EFOSA-EHIOGHIREN, A. I. Ph.D — 2025-09-14

The study explored counselling and conflict resolution strategies in predicting peaceful co-existence among members of University of Benin community using ex-post facto research design. One research question and two null hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study consists of 51,991 staff and students from 18 selected sections of the University community. A sample of 1,440 persons from the University community representing approximately 3% of the population was drawn for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select four per unit. From each of the four units, 20 staff and students per unit were drawn. This made a total of 80 participants. Hence, (20 participants x 4 units) per the 18 sections as sample for the study. The data collected were analyzed with mean (X), standard deviation (SD). The hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression and multiple linear regression. The results revealed among others that counselling in conflict resolution strategies is acknowledged and being used in University of Benin Community with the majority of the students; there is relationship of counselling on conflict resolution strategies among members of University of Benin Community (.69 ≥ R²≤ .69). The study concluded that the use of counselling and conflict resolution strategies among students is notably high. The study recommended among others that the University invest in expanding and equipping its counselling units with skilled professionals to support students and staff in managing conflicts constructively. This will strengthen the counselling services.

FFECT OF MONTESSORI MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD NUMERACY SKILLS

OSAYANDE V. E — 2025-09-14

This study examined the effect of montessori mathematics instructional delivery on the development of early childhood numeracy skills in Edo State, Nigeria. The study employed a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative data from a quasi-experimental approach with qualitative insights from classroom observations. A sample of 120 children aged three to five years and 10 early childhood educators were purposively selected from both Montessori and non-Montessori preschools across Esan West Local Government Area. Findings revealed that children exposed to Montessori instruction demonstrated significantly higher proficiency in number recognition, counting, sorting, patterning, and basic problem-solving compared to those in conventional classrooms. Moreover, qualitative data indicated that Montessori-trained teachers employed individualized teaching, concrete learning materials, and structured environments that encouraged active exploration, independence, and critical thinking. The results underscore the effectiveness of the Montessori Method in fostering foundational mathematical competencies during the early years of cognitive development. It recommends increased teacher training, curriculum reforms, and policy frameworks that support hands-on learning in the preschool setting

ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

MEDEATAJI F. T. — 2025-09-14

Through an analysis of national economic indicators, a review of theoretical insights, and an examination of previous empirical studies, this study explores the relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic growth in Nigeria. The study uses a mixed-methods approach and includes secondary data from the World Bank, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for the years 2000–2023. The results show that entrepreneurship education has a favorable impact on human capital development, small business creation, and entrepreneurial activity all of which boost Nigeria's GDP. Its effectiveness is, however, hampered by issues including bad infrastructure, insufficient money, and shoddy policy implementation. In order to enhance entrepreneurial education as a catalyst for sustainable economic growth, policy recommendations are offered.

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL–BEING AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG PENTECOSTAL ADULTS

OKOJIE S.E. — 2025-09-14

This paper examined the relationship between psychological well-being and life satisfaction drawing on theoretical frameworks and empirical research. The paper highlighted key determinants such as emotional health, personal growth, and resilience, and discussed their implications for promoting a balanced and satisfying life. The work emphasized the reciprocal pathway to enhancing life satisfaction. It showed that psychological well-being encompasses emotional, social, and psychological functioning, while life satisfaction reflects an individual’s assessment of their overall life quality. The paper therefore recommended that psychological well-being and life satisfaction should be accepted as critical dimensions of human flourishing and personal fulfillment.

TOWARDS A CLOSER INTEGRATION OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES: A STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR ENHANCING MULTICULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

OGBEMUDIARE B. — 2025-09-14

This study examined the integration of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) in Social Studies in enhancing multicultural understanding among undergraduate students in the Universities in Delta State. The study was carried out in Delta State University, Abraka and University of Delta, Agbor. A descriptive survey research design was employed, with a population of 100 undergraduate students. Using a purposive sampling technique, 100 students were selected to participate in the study. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire designed to measure students' exposure to GCE concepts and their impact on multicultural understanding. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were analyzed with t-test and chi-square. The findings revealed that the integration of GCE in Social Studies significantly enhances students’ awareness and appreciation of cultural diversity, promoting tolerance, empathy, and global perspectives. However, the study also identified challenges such as insufficient instructional resources and inadequate teacher preparedness for delivering GCE content effectively. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhanced teacher training programs, the development of GCE-specific curriculum resources, and increased institutional support for implementing GCE initiatives. These measures are vital to maximize the potential of GCE in fostering multicultural understanding and preparing students for the complexities of a globalized society

IMPACT OF CARREER COUNSELLING AWARENESS AND OCCUPATIONAL GOALS AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS IN BOKKOS, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

MANGAI A.M. — 2025-09-16

This study investigated the impact of career guidance counselling on awareness and occupational goals among Junior Secondary School III (JSS III) students in Bokkos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The study adopted a true experimental pretest-posttest control group design. A total of 100 JSS III students were randomly selected from one public junior secondary school: assigned experimental and control groups. The experimental group received an eight-week structured career awareness counselling programme, while the control group was exposed to non-career-related guidance. Two validated instruments: the Career Awareness Questionnaire (CAQ) and the Occupational Aspiration Scale (OAS) were used for data collection. Descriptive and Inferential statistics, including t-tests and ANOVA, were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed a significant improvement in career awareness and occupational aspirations among students in the experimental group compared to the control group. Gender differences were not statistically significant, but students’ parental educational background significantly influenced the outcomes. The study concluded that career guidance counselling plays a crucial role in shaping students’ career decisions and aspirations, especially in underserved rural areas like Bokkos. Based on the findings, it was recommended that career counselling be integrated into the junior secondary school curriculum and that professional counsellors be employed to support students’ career development.

INFLUENCE OF ACADEMIC STAFF UNION OF UNIVERSITIES’ STRIKE ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING IN AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA

ERHUNMWUNSE O. — 2025-09-14

The study investigated the influence of Academic Staff Union of Universities’ (ASUU) strike on students’ learning in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (AAUE) using descriptive survey design. The study specifically determined the influence of (ASUU) strike on students’ learning in AAUE. A research question was raised and answered in this study. One hypothesis was tested at .05 level of significance. A sample of 250 out of 4,987 undergraduates was used for the study. A questionnaire was used to gather data for the study. It was accorded content validation. The reliability of the questionnaire was carried out through split-half method. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient was used to determine the co-efficient and .78 of ‘r’ value was obtained which was high enough for the study. 250 questionnaires were duly filled and collated for data analysis. A t-test was used to test the hypothesis at .05 level of significance. Result revealed that academic staff union of universities’ strike has a significant influence on students’ learning in AAUE. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that ASUU strike has a significant influence on students’ learning in AAUE. The study confirmed that strike action destabilized calendar of universities education in Nigeria. The disruption affects the followings: curriculum implementation, quality of lesson delivery, period of graduation, hampered students’ performance and quality of education in the country. Based on the findings, the study recommended that ASUU members in Public Universities should adopt Productive Dialogue rather than the use of strikes to resolve issues with Governments.

INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY ON LEARNING BEHAVIOUR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION STUDENTS

SHODEINDE A. O. — 2025-09-14

This study examined the relationship and influence of self-efficacy on the learning behaviour of electrical and electronics technology education students in universities in Southwest Nigeria. The research was motivated by the increasing recognition of psychological constructs such as self-efficacy as determinants of students’ engagement and performance in technical and vocational education. A correlational survey research design was adopted. The population of the study comprised all 158 electrical and electronics technology education students across five universities in Southwest Nigeria. A total enumeration sampling technique was employed. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Self-efficacy for Learning Performance (SLP) scale and the Students’ Learning Style Scale. Reliability coefficients of .71 and .78 were obtained, respectively. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and linear regression analysis at .05 level of significance. Findings revealed a moderate and significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and learning behaviour (r = .520, p < .05), indicating that students with higher self-efficacy tend to adopt more positive learning behaviours. However, regression analysis showed that self-efficacy did not significantly influence learning behaviour (R² = .086, F = .843, p > .05). This implies that while self-efficacy and learning behaviour are related, other factors beyond self-efficacy may account for the variations in students’ learning behaviours. The study concluded that while self-efficacy is significantly associated with students’ learning behaviours, it does not independently determine them. It recommends that interventions to improve students’ learning outcomes in technical education should combine efforts to strengthen self-efficacy with other variables within the learning environment.

INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY OF THE MONTESSORI METHOD IN ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AMONG EARLY CHILDHOOD LEARNERS IN NIGERIA

OSAYANDE, V. E. — 2025-09-14

This study qualitatively investigates the impact of the Montessori method on early childhood learners’ English language acquisition in Edo State, Nigeria. Recognizing English as a vital tool for educational and social advancement, the study explores how child-centered, hands-on Montessori principles are applied in selected early childhood education (ECE) centers in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. Through qualitative case study methods, including structured interviews with teachers and classroom observations, the research found that Montessori-based instruction significantly enhanced children’s phonemic awareness, vocabulary retention, and confidence in communication. However, the study also revealed critical implementation barriers, such as inadequate teacher training, limited access to Montessori materials, and socio-cultural resistance to English language immersion. Based on these findings, it is recommended, among others, that policymakers should endeavour to integrate Montessori principles into Nigeria’s national early childhood curriculum, teacher education programmes incorporate practical training on Montessori methods, and schools explore locally sourced alternatives to expensive didactic materials.

SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AS A CORRELATE OF TEACHER PRODUCTIVITY IN OSUN STATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

OLADIGBO O. J. PhD — 2025-09-14

The study examined the relationship between school environment and teachers’ productivity in Osun state secondary schools. The descriptive research design of the survey type was used. The population consisted of all the teachers in the public secondary schools in Osun state. The sample comprised 200 teachers from 20 secondary schools in the Ife/Ijesa senatorial district of the state. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. A self-designed questionnaire tagged: School Environment and Teacher Productivity (SETP) was used to collect the data for the study. Experts screened the tool to ensure its validity. The tests-retest approach was used to assess the instrument's reliability. 30 teachers who were not in the study region received the instrument twice over the course of two weeks. The Pearson's Products Moment Correlation was used to analyze the data that was collected. The obtained reliability coefficient of .81 was deemed sufficient to establish the instrument's reliability. Every hypothesis was examined at the significance level of .05. The study revealed that the teaching-learning environment in the secondary schools was very conducive. The study also showed that school environment, school infrastructure and the psychosocial environment were significantly related to teacher productivity. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government as well as the stake-holders in the secondary education sector should strive to sustain the tempo of the conducive school environment so as to enhance better teacher productivity.

SCHOOL PLANT MAINTENANCE APPROACHES OF PRINCIPALS IN PUBLIC SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN PLATEAU STATE: URBAN AND RURAL PERSPECTIVES

TSOHO, A. A. — 2025-09-14

This study examined the school plant maintenance approaches of principals in public senior secondary schools in Plateau State, Nigeria, with emphasis on urban and rural perspectives. A comparative survey research design was adopted, and a sample of 1,744 respondents, including principals, teachers, and Senior Secondary School Three (SS III) students, was drawn from a population of 18,078 using multi-stage sampling. Data were collected with the School Plant Maintenance Approaches Questionnaire (SPMAQ) and the Document on School Maintenance Records (DSMR), and analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test. Findings reveals that principals commonly adopted committee system, preventive, emergency, condition-based, planned, and self-maintenance approaches to sustain school facilities. The study further shows no significant difference between urban and rural schools in maintenance practices, indicating a largely uniform maintenance culture across Plateau State. The study concludes that effective school plant maintenance depends more on systemic support than school location. It recommended strengthening preventive maintenance, improving government funding, enhancing principals’ capacity, and fostering stakeholder participation.

SKILLS’ COMPETENCY IN STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME: A PREDICTOR OF EMPLOYABILITY OF CHEMISTRY INTO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

INUWA B.A. Ph.D — 2025-09-14

The study investigated Skills Competency in Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES): A predictor of employability skills of chemistry graduates into chemical industries in Kano State, Nigeria using correlational and ex-post factor research designs. The population for the study consisted of 450 Undergraduate Chemistry Students in 300 level in three public Universities in Kano State, Nigeria during the 2022/2023 academic session. The sample of the study consisted of 160 male and 160 female students. Two research questions guided the study; two null hypotheses formulated and tested at P≤.05 level of significance. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting one Federal University from the population, then simple random sampling technique involving balloting method in selecting the other State-owned University. Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme Employability Skills Acquisition Test (SIWESESAT) was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts and pilot tested with the reliability coefficient of .88. Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to answer research questions while null hypotheses were tested using Regression analysis. Among the findings of the study revealed that: There is no relationship between performance in SIWES and employability skills acquisition in industrial chemistry. Based on the findings, it was therefore recommended that, SIWES and industrial based supervisors should exposed students to different aspects of employability skills concepts such as effective communication, leadership qualities, self-management among others prior to commencement of the programme with attendance made mandatory. The study concludes among other that, performance in SIWES is not a predictor to employability skills acquisition.

Keywords: Employability Skills, Predictor, SIWES.

TEACHER EMOTIONAL REGULATIONS: A COUNSELLING APPROACH TO MANAGING ANGER IN THE CLASSROOM

OMUMU F. Ph.D — 2025-09-14

This paper discusses the complex phenomenon of teacher anger, tracing its roots and manifestations within the educational environment. It examines how unresolved anger among teachers can strain peer relationships, disrupt classroom dynamics, and negatively affect students' emotional well-being and academic performance. The discourse underscores the critical importance of emotional regulation in fostering a positive and supportive learning atmosphere. Emphasis is placed on equipping educators with effective strategies for managing anger through counselling interventions, including Social-Emotional Learning, Cognitive Behavioural Approaches, and Stress Management Techniques. The paper advocates collaborative efforts between school counsellors and teachers in developing comprehensive support systems that promote emotional resilience and professional well-being. This discourse recommends future research on teacher emotional regulation, the significance of collegial support structures, and the long-term benefits of implementing school-wide mental health initiatives.

THE ROLE OF COUNSELLING UNITS AND ESSENTIAL RESOURCES IN ACHIEVING BASIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR PROGRESS

OBIYAN D. O. — 2025-09-14

The paper examined the importance of counselling units and essential educational resources for the realization of basic education in Nigeria. It identified the key challenges faced by the educational system and suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers to ensure quality education for all children. The realization of basic education in Nigeria faces numerous challenges, including inadequate resources, infrastructure, and professional support. Counselling units play a crucial role in supporting students' academic, social, and emotional development. However, the effectiveness of counselling services in Nigeria's educational system remains hindered by a lack of resources, insufficiently trained counselors, and socio-economic barriers.

YOUTH DISILLUSIONMENT WITH EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: UNPACKING THE 'EDUCATION IS A SCAM' SLOGAN AND PROPOSING REMEDIAL MEASURES

OFANGBONMU, U. — 2025-09-14

Disillusionment refers to a feeling of disappointment or loss of faith in something once believed to be true, promising, or ideal. It occurs when a person becomes aware that the reality of a situation, person, or belief system does not meet their expectations or ideals. This can lead to a sense of betrayal, confusion, or sadness, as the individual realizes that their previously held views or hopes were unrealistic, flawed, or deceptive. The slogan “education is a scam” has gained traction among Nigerian youth, signaling a profound disillusionment with the nation’s formal education system. This article examines the underlying causes of this growing sentiment, including graduate unemployment, curriculum-labor market mismatch, systemic corruption, and the deteriorating quality of education. Anchored in the Expectancy-Value Theory, the paper critically examines how these challenges diminish the perceived value of education among youth. The study proposes remedial measures such as curriculum reform, promotion of vocational and technical education, employment transparency, and values-based learning to restore trust and reposition education as a credible vehicle for personal and national development.

STEM AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Omokhomion, V. O. — 2025-09-14

This paper examines the potential role of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education and entrepreneurial skill development on the sustainable development of Nigerian economy. STEM education integrates multiple disciplines and plays a critical role in fostering innovation, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. Entrepreneurial skill development, on the other hand, nurtures creativity, risk-taking, adaptability, and resourcefulness, which are essential for economic growth and job creation. However, Nigeria faces several challenges in leveraging the potential of STEM and entrepreneurial skill development for national development. These challenges include inadequate infrastructure, limited access to quality education, lack of funding, cultural barriers, and a mismatch between educational curricula and industry needs. To address these challenges and pave the way for a prosperous future, a multi-faceted approach is recommended. This includes policy reforms, investment in infrastructure, teacher training and capacity building, research and development support, entrepreneurship promotion, and fostering collaboration between educational institutions, industry stakeholders, and policymakers. By implementing these recommendations, Nigeria can unlock the full potential of STEM and entrepreneurial skill development, driving economic growth, job creation, and overall national development.

GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING AS A TOOL FOR MITIGATING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN NIGERIAN SCHOOLS

SAMUEL-ALEWA, M. F. — 2025-09-21

This paper examined the role of Guidance and Counselling as a strategic tool for mitigating Gender-Based Violence (GBV) within educational settings. It highlighted how school Counsellors can function as educators, advocates, and therapeutic supporters-raising awareness on GBV, equipping students with life skills for resilience, and providing psychosocial support to survivors. The study also identifies critical challenges, including insufficient staffing, poor funding, cultural taboos, weak policy enforcement, and limited professional training, which hinder the effectiveness of counselling services. GBV remains a pervasive challenge in Nigerian schools, undermining students’ safety, well-being, and access to quality education. Despite existing policies, weak implementation, cultural stigma, and inadequate support systems continue to sustain the problem. Therefore, strengthening Guidance and Counselling Services is not only essential for reducing GBV but also central to achieving Sustainable Development Goals 4 (SDG 4) on inclusive and equitable quality education in Nigeria. To address these gaps, the paper recommends the recruitment and continuous training of professional Counsellors, adequate funding of Ccounselling units, integration of anti-GBV policies, establishment of confidential reporting mechanisms, and stronger collaboration with stakeholders such as NGOs, law enforcement, and health professionals.

A CLEARER EXAMINATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SECURITY ISSUES IN NIGERIA

ALAKU A. A. — 2025-09-21

This paper explored some psychological perspectives on security issues in Nigeria. It delved into the cognitive biases, decision-making processes, and human responses to threats, uncertainty, and risk that shape perceptions and reactions to security challenges. Understanding the psychology behind individual and collective behaviours is fundamental to designing effective security measures. Examining the Nigerian context, this paper explored how cultural factors, personal experiences, and socio-economic status influence security perceptions. Additionally, the psychological consequences of insecurity, including stress, anxiety, and trauma have been explored. Drawing on behavioral economics principles, the paper discusses how incentives, nudges, and decision-making biases can enhance or hinder security practices. Effective communication strategies are essential for shaping perceptions of security, with language, framing, and messaging influencing public trust and cooperation. Finally, ethical considerations surrounding privacy, individual freedoms, and the manipulation of human behaviour underscore the importance of balancing security imperatives with ethical standards. Therefore, the paper encouraged policymakers and security professionals to integrate psychological insights into security practices. The recommendations included: a holistic approach for security that fosters trust, cooperation, and resilience in the face of evolving threats.